The
stereotyping of certain people are trickle down effects from the representation
of other groups of people. Cacho echoed Ulysse in some respect; they both
understand that certain representations of people become their only identity. Cacho’s discussion on the representation of
Hurricane Katrina victims is similar to the experiences that Haitian earthquake
victims suffer. Hurricane Katrina victims were not given proper medical care or
basic supplies because of concerns for safety, similar to hot areas during the
Haitian earthquake. It was clear, based on who received aid, whose bodies were
found to be more valuable therefore worth saving. In the case of New Orleans,
the people should have been worth saving, at least to some of the public,
because they were not refugees, but U.S. citizens.
Cacho
grappled with notions of citizenship in a very interesting way. Instead of the
simple what makes a citizen a citizen, Cacho shed light on which citizens are
valued more. The citizen has a monetary value placed on their rescue, so are
they worth saving if they are on considered to be less than worthy citizens?
What makes a worthy citizen? It seems in the course of natural disasters that
the only citizens not worth saving have color and are poor. People who are the victims
of government’s misconducts are usually the people who are too disadvantaged to
combat or correct the situation.
Governmental
claims to aid people and be an equal force of justice for all are proven false
by constant reformation of policies and responses to major crises. Governmental
reforms of immigration still leave someone unprotected. The immigration process
is tedious and meant to keep out “others” because of nationalistic, liberalist
ideals that reinforce the notion that all immigrants are thieves that are
robbing the country dry. These laws are intimate ways to keep certain bodies
governed within the law while simultaneously keeping them on the outside unable
to reap any benefits. As Cohen points out, the immigrants aren’t able to
receive any of the benefits their taxes pay for, although the common
representation is they don’t pay taxes.
Cacho reaffirms
Ulysse’s notion that representations in the media can become attached to bodies
as a singular identity. These singular representations or association of people
of color, especially black people, with evil, dangerous and/or sinister themes
serves to reinforce the capitalistic ideals that require someone to be placed
at the bottom, as the undesirable or other, so that the top can continue to be.
Momo, I think this a good analysis and recapitulation of some of Cacho's arguments. But, I would/will challenge you to think also about the ramifications of casting what particular kinds of people are always already outside of the legible, neoliberal ideal. I think what Cacho is attempting to do, in a rather brilliant way, is to place us smack dab in the analytic messiness of these systems while remaining uncertain about how our analyses function. The symbolic representation of the "poor person of color" is multifaceted and Cacho cautions us, too, to resist the pull towards making judgements about people rather than about systems, even if our judgement of them seems to be coming from a "good" place where we are trying to help. I think your connection between Cacho and Ulysse is spot on because both of these writers is attempting to unsettle our situatedness (read: complacency) within neoliberal systems of value. Nirmala Erevelles in Education liked to ask her class, "Whose lives are mournable, and whose are not?" I think that Cacho and Ulysse, among others from this semester, are asking us that same kind of question. Who is valued, and why? Are there historical contexts, or are we constantly creating new contexts? These, I think, are the stickier questions that we have to grapple with. Thanks!
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